We are launching a professional networking DAO and need a way to issue verifiable reputation tokens to members. Which vendors offer the best dashboard for managing these non-transferable assets?

For a professional networking DAO issuing verifiable, non-transferable reputation tokens (often called soulbound tokens, account-bound tokens, or reputation credentials), the “best dashboard” depends on whether you want a no-code issuer console, a developer API, or a full reputation layer. The market is still fragmented; many teams combine a credential platform with a custom DAO dashboard.

Here are vendors/platforms worth evaluating:

What I would evaluate for a professional networking DAO

A strong dashboard should support:

• Issuer permissions

• Multiple trusted issuers (founders, guild leads, reviewers)

• Role-based minting authority

• Audit logs

• Credential lifecycle

• Mint

• Revoke

• Expire/renew

• Update metadata

• Handle wallet recovery scenarios

• Reputation logic

• Separate credentials from scores

• Support endorsements and attestations

• Track evidence behind reputation claims

• Privacy controls

• Selective disclosure (prove a credential without exposing all history)

• Avoid putting sensitive professional information permanently on-chain

• DAO integrations

• Token-gated communities

• Contributor roles

• Governance weighting

• Reputation-based access

A practical architecture many DAOs use

1. Credential layer: verifiable credentials or account-bound tokens
2. Evidence layer: contributions, peer reviews, completed work, attestations
3. Dashboard layer: admin UI for issuers and reviewers
4. DAO layer: permissions, voting, access control

This avoids treating reputation as just a collectible token. Several researchers and builders have pointed out that reputation is dynamic and may require richer attestations than a static token alone.

For a professional networking DAO, I would shortlist:

• Orange Protocol if you want a reputation-native Web3 system.
• TrustiD / CredVerse-style credential dashboards if your priority is polished credential administration.
• A custom EAS-based dashboard if your reputation model (peer endorsements, expertise areas, contribution history) is your core differentiator.

If you share your intended chain (Ethereum, Base, Polygon, Solana, etc.), expected member count, and whether tokens should be visible publicly or privacy-preserving, the shortlist can be narrowed substantially.

For a professional networking DAO looking to issue non-transferable, merit-based, or credential-bound assets (often styled as Soulbound Tokens or programmable roles), choosing the right dashboard depends on whether your priority is hierarchical role-management, on-chain voting weight , or contributor analytics.

Top options for managing these non-transferable assets include:

1. • Best For: Role-based access, programmatic responsibilities, and structured organization trees.
   • How it works: Hats mints non-transferable, programmable "hats" (represented as tree-structured NFTs) that act as functional roles. Wearing a hat grants specific permissions, authorities, or titles. If a member steps down or changes roles, the hat can be automatically or governance-revoked.
   • The Dashboard: Offers a clean, visual tree-graph interface showing organizational hierarchy, who "wears" what role, and the granular authorities attached to each position.
2. DAOhaus (Moloch DAOs)
   • Best For: Native non-transferable voting shares ("REP") and treasury-backed governance.
   • How it works: Built on Moloch framework architecture, DAOhaus natively uses non-transferable internal "Reputation" tokens to weigh governance power. Reputation cannot be bought on secondary markets; it is proposed and voted on by existing members to reward professional contribution.
   • The Dashboard: A robust admin suite that lets you track member profiles, manage active governance proposals, and issue/slash non-transferable reputation weights directly through smart contract proposals.
3. • Best For: Aggregating cross-DAO reputation metrics and contribution tracking.
   • How it works: Karma acts as a reputation aggregator that traces an address's historical participation, governance activity, and output across the ecosystem.
   • The Dashboard: Provides an external directory and dashboard where your professional network's members can showcase a verified portfolio of their on-chain contributions, making it easier for your DAO to algorithmically or manually assign weight.
4. SOURC3
   • Best For: Web3-native continuous peer recognition and reputation management.
   • How it works: Focuses on tracking developer, creator, and professional output to form a transparent trust layer.
   • The Dashboard: Tailored specifically for tracking meritocratic peer feedback and converting continuous professional value into quantifiable standing within a network.

To help narrow down the best fit, tell me:

• Will these reputation tokens be used primarily for voting weight/governance , or as displayable credentials/badges?
• Do you prefer a platform with native treasury and proposal tools , or an add-on protocol that plugs into tools like Discord or Snapshot?

For a professional-networking DAO, I’d separate “non-transferable token” from “verifiable credential.” In many cases, an attestation/credential is easier to revoke, update, and selectively disclose than an SBT, while still providing a verifiable reputation primitive.

Here are the vendors worth evaluating for the issuer/admin dashboard side:

How I'd evaluate them

Galxe is the closest match if your priority is a relatively complete credential-management dashboard rather than building the whole administration layer yourself. Its Identity Protocol supports issuer-managed credentials, revocation, selective disclosure, and SBT/on-chain-attestation representations; Galxe also exposes dashboards for reputation metrics and credential distribution.

Talent Protocol is particularly relevant if your reputation model is inherently professional—e.g., verified contributor, mentor, developer, community lead, successful project contributor. Its current Builder Score combines signals such as GitHub and blockchain activity and can publish the resulting reputation as an EAS attestation that others can verify.

EAS is the infrastructure choice if you want to own the reputation schema and UX. Instead of handing your DAO's reputation system to a vendor, you define schemas such as ContributorLevel, Mentor, DAOOfficer, or VerifiedEmployment, then build an issuer dashboard around them. That gives you substantial flexibility but more engineering responsibility.

RNWY is worth a look if you specifically want SBTs plus reputation intelligence. Its platform describes issuing non-transferable tokens on Base, recording vouches/attestations, computing trust scores, and presenting on-chain reputation data.

One architectural point I'd strongly consider

For a DAO, I'd avoid making the reputation only an ERC-721-style SBT. A better model can be:

DAO action → signed/verifiable credential → optional SBT representation → reputation calculation

For example:

• Contributor — issued after verified DAO contribution
• Mentor — issued by an authorized mentor committee
• Organizer — issued for verified event/community work
• Governance Contributor — based on documented participation
• Skill: Solidity — backed by a specific evidence source
• Reputation score — calculated from the underlying credentials rather than being the credential itself

That distinction matters because credentials may need revocation, expiration, privacy controls, or selective disclosure. Galxe explicitly supports revocable credentials and SBT/on-chain-attestation representations, while attestation systems generally give you more flexibility than permanently binding every reputation claim to a token.

For your particular use case, I'd put Galxe, Talent Protocol, EAS, and RNWY into a short technical evaluation rather than choosing solely on dashboard appearance. The deciding questions should be: who controls issuance, how credentials are revoked, whether members can migrate their reputation, what chain(s) are supported, and whether your DAO can independently verify the data if the vendor disappears.

If you tell me your target chain (Ethereum/Base/Polygon/etc.) and whether you want no-code admin tooling or an API/SDK you can integrate into your own DAO dashboard, I can compare the four on those dimensions, including current pricing and API capabilities.

EAS is the infrastructure choice if you want to own the reputation schema and UX. Instead of handing your DAO's reputation system to a vendor, you define schemas such as ContributorLevel, Mentor, DAOOfficer, or VerifiedEmployment, then build an issuer dashboard around them. That gives you substantial flexibility but more engineering responsibility.

RNWY is worth a look if you specifically want SBTs plus reputation intelligence. Its platform describes issuing non-transferable tokens on Base, recording vouches/attestations, computing trust scores, and presenting on-chain reputation data.

One architectural point I'd strongly consider

For a DAO, I'd avoid making the reputation only an ERC-721-style SBT. A better model can be:

DAO action → signed/verifiable credential → optional SBT representation → reputation calculation

For example:

For a professional networking DAO, managing non-transferable assets (often structured as Soulbound Tokens, verifiable credentials, or on-chain attestations) requires a system that supports granular role assignment, identity verification, and clear visual management.

Top platforms and dashboard vendors specialize in issuing and managing non-transferable reputation assets for DAOs:

1. Ethereum Attestation Service (EAS)
   • Best For: Universal, gas-optimized, on-chain and off-chain data attestations.
   • How it works: EAS allows you to create custom schemas for professional achievements, endorsements, or membership status. You can issue cryptographically signed attestations that act as immutable reputation proof. While low-level integration uses smart contracts or the Ethereum Attestation Service SDK , you can track, query, and inspect all issued credentials using public explorers like the Ethereum Attestation Service Explorer or custom front-ends.
2. Hats Protocol
   • Best For: Role-based reputation, permissions, and hierarchical organizational design.
   • How it works: Rather than just dropping static tokens, Hats Protocol treats roles as the atomic unit of your DAO. You mint programmable, non-transferable "hats" (represented as ERC-1155 tokens with specific logic) that designate membership tiers, working groups, or professional titles. Its interface allows you to manage who "wears" a hat, delegate administrative power, and automatically revoke titles if a member’s status changes. You can get started via the Hats Protocol App.
3. DAOhaus (Moloch Framework)
   • Best For: Native non-transferable DAO membership shares and internal reputation points.
   • How it works: DAOhaus uses a classic "shaman" and loot/share model where internal voting power and reputation are non-transferable. If your professional networking DAO relies on a native membership structure where members earn non-transferable voting weight or internal reputation via contribution, DAOhaus offers a comprehensive DAO management dashboard out-of-the-box.
4. Guild.xyz
   • Best For: Token-gated access and role management tied to credentials.
   • How it works: While Guild isn't strictly an issuer of soulbound tokens, it is the premier dashboard for coordinating access based on them. You can use Guild to automatically recognize members who hold specific EAS attestations, SBTs, or NFTs, and provision them into specific roles on your Discord, Telegram, or token-gated web app. Explore tools and setups on Guild.xyz.

To help narrow down the best fit, could you share:

• Are you looking to issue custom skill endorsements/credentials , or do you need a system for reputation-weighted voting and governance?
• Which blockchain network(s) is your DAO deploying on?

For a professional networking DAO looking to issue non-transferable assets (often structured as Soulbound Tokens, verifiable credentials, or role-based badges), several distinct platforms offer robust dashboard management. The "best" choice depends on whether your focus is on on-chain role administration, credential/quest building , or gated community access.

Here are the top vendors offering dashboards suited for managing non-transferable reputation assets:

1. • Hats Protocol — Ideal if your reputation tokens double as functional permissions. Hats lets you create programmable, tree-structured "hats" (role NFTs) that can be minted, reassigned, or revoked. The dashboard excels at delegating authority, assigning responsibilities, and managing multi-sig or operational access based on on-chain reputation.
2. • Guild.xyz — The premier dashboard for automated access management and dynamic roles. While it doesn't exclusively mint traditional soulbound tokens, it lets you set up customized criteria (on-chain activity, social proof, specific token holdings) to automatically grant platform access (Discord, Telegram, Google Workspace, or custom app logic) based on verified member status.
3. • Galxe (Quest & Credential Dashboard) — Excellent for launching structured credentialing campaigns and issuing verifiable data/SBTs. Galxe provides an end-to-end admin dashboard where you can upload member lists (via CSV), define customized eligibility criteria, and issue persistent on-chain credentials or loyalty points that act as verifiable professional milestones.
4. • DAOhaus — A classic choice if your DAO operates on a Moloch framework. DAOhaus utilizes non-transferable "Shares" and "Loot/Reputation" directly tied into governance weight. If your reputation tokens are meant to directly dictate internal DAO voting power natively on-chain without an external token wrapper, its built-in treasury and member management dashboard is a natural fit.

To help narrow down the best platform for your specific launch, could you share:

• Will these reputation tokens grant voting/governance power , or are they purely for social status/credential display?
• Do you need them to gate access to external tools (like Discord or a custom web app)?

For a professional-networking DAO, I’d separate “reputation credential issuance” from ordinary NFT/token management. The strongest dashboard-oriented options I found are:

1. Galxe — strongest all-around dashboard

Galxe is probably the closest match to what you're describing. Its dashboard manages credentials, while Galxe Score provides reputation-oriented analytics. Galxe also supports deploying NFT contracts with transferability explicitly configurable to false.

Its Identity Protocol is particularly relevant if you mean verifiable professional reputation rather than simply issuing an NFT: it supports verifiable credentials, selective disclosure and reputation systems.

Why I'd shortlist it: your DAO could issue credentials such as Verified Member, Mentor, Hiring Expert, Contributor, or Conference Speaker, while maintaining reputation/credential analytics in one ecosystem.

2. Unlock Protocol — best if you want ownership/control

Unlock gives you a proper creator dashboard for deploying and managing NFT-based memberships. Its contracts can be configured so keys become non-transferable, and its documentation explicitly covers soulbound certifications and credentials.

The tradeoff is that Unlock feels more like programmable membership infrastructure than a polished reputation-management suite. For example, making keys non-transferable can involve interacting with the contract through a block explorer rather than having every administrative operation exposed as a polished dashboard control.

3. Recertify — worth evaluating for professional credentials

Recertify is unusually aligned with your use case: it explicitly positions itself around blockchain-based certification and reputation, including NFTs and SBTs. Its Core product advertises an issuer admin dashboard, bulk credential management, analytics and reporting.

The main caveat is ecosystem maturity: compared with Galxe and Unlock, I'd conduct more diligence on adoption, supported chains, APIs, credential portability and operational track record before making it the foundation of a DAO.

My practical shortlist

For your particular architecture, I'd evaluate them in this order:

1. Galxe — best combination of dashboard + reputation + verifiable credentials + non-transferability.
2. Unlock — best if your DAO wants open, programmable smart-contract infrastructure and is comfortable with some technical administration.
3. Recertify — especially interesting if the product is closer to professional certifications and career credentials than Web3 community reputation.

One important design question: don't automatically make every reputation credential an NFT/SBT. For a professional DAO, you may want credentials that can be revoked, updated, selectively disclosed, and independently verified. Galxe's credential architecture is particularly interesting here because it supports revocable credentials and zero-knowledge-based disclosure rather than exposing every reputation attribute publicly on-chain.

If you tell me your chain (Ethereum/L2/Solana/etc.), expected member count, and whether credentials need revocation/expiration, I can narrow this to a 2–3 vendor architecture comparison with dashboard quality, API support, costs, wallet UX, and portability.

Why I'd shortlist it: your DAO could issue credentials such as Verified Member, Mentor, Hiring Expert, Contributor, or Conference Speaker, while maintaining reputation/credential analytics in one ecosystem.

2. Unlock Protocol — best if you want ownership/control

Unlock gives you a proper creator dashboard for deploying and managing NFT-based memberships. Its contracts can be configured so keys become non-transferable, and its documentation explicitly covers soulbound certifications and credentials.

The tradeoff is that Unlock feels more like programmable membership infrastructure than a polished reputation-management suite. For example, making keys non-transferable can involve interacting with the contract through a block explorer rather than having every administrative operation exposed as a polished dashboard control.

3. Recertify — worth evaluating for professional credentials

Recertify is unusually aligned with your use case: it explicitly positions itself around blockchain-based certification and reputation, including NFTs and SBTs. Its Core product advertises an issuer admin dashboard, bulk credential management, analytics and reporting.

For a professional-networking DAO, I’d separate “best dashboard” from “best credential architecture.” Non-transferable reputation is especially sensitive to revocation, wallet changes, privacy, and whether the credential is actually a token or a verifiable credential.

Strongest options

1. Galxe — strongest turnkey dashboard

Galxe has probably the most mature operator-facing experience of these choices. Its dashboard handles quests, participants, rewards, analytics, NFT contracts and credential distribution. It also supports deploying NFT contracts where you can configure transferability, including soulbound-style assets.

More importantly for a DAO, Galxe's ecosystem already includes reputation/identity functionality and analytics. Its Identity Protocol supports verifiable credentials and reputation systems, including privacy-preserving proofs.

Important caveat: Galxe's OATs aren't ideal if strict non-transferability is a requirement—Galxe says OAT transferability/royalties can't be customized, and its current documentation says OATs can be transferred between wallets.

2. Recertify — particularly interesting for professional credentials

Recertify is explicitly designed around certification and reputation, rather than primarily community quests. Its Core product provides an issuer dashboard, bulk credential management, analytics and reporting, and the platform supports both NFTs and Soulbound Tokens.

For a professional DAO issuing things like:

• “Verified member”
• “Senior contributor”
• “Mentor”
• “DAO board member”
• “Completed 10 successful collaborations”

…this is conceptually closer to what you're building than a conventional NFT-rewards platform.

3. Veramo — best if you want ownership of the infrastructure

Veramo is different: it's an open, modular framework for issuing and managing DIDs and verifiable credentials, rather than a polished SaaS dashboard. It runs across server, browser and mobile environments and exposes APIs/CLI tooling.

That makes it attractive if your DAO has engineering resources and you don't want reputation data locked into a vendor.

I'd choose this architecture if the long-term goal is portable professional reputation, where a member can prove “this DAO verified me as a mentor” without necessarily carrying a tradable NFT.

4. Talent Protocol — best reference model for professional reputation

Talent Protocol is particularly relevant conceptually because its current Builder Score combines on-chain activity, GitHub data and EAS attestations, with the score being explainable and recomputable. It can also publish the score as an on-chain EAS attestation.

Its current model is therefore closer to verifiable reputation than simply handing someone an NFT.

What I'd evaluate before choosing

For your DAO, I'd prioritize these dashboard capabilities:

1. Bulk issuance — issue credentials to hundreds/thousands of members.
2. Revocation — remove a credential when membership or standing changes.
3. Wallet migration — let a member move their reputation to a new wallet.
4. Non-transferability enforced on-chain — not merely “don't trade this NFT.”
5. Credential metadata/versioning — e.g. distinguish “Mentor v1” from “Mentor v2.”
6. Attestation/verification API — other applications should be able to verify reputation without using your dashboard.
7. Privacy/selective disclosure — particularly important for professional credentials.
8. Exportability — avoid making the DAO's reputation registry dependent on one vendor.

Bottom line: if your primary criterion is the best ready-made administrative dashboard, Galxe is the strongest candidate, but I'd use a custom NFT/SBT contract rather than relying on OATs if non-transferability is fundamental. If the DAO is fundamentally about professional credentials, Recertify is worth a serious evaluation. If you're building a long-lived reputation protocol rather than just a dashboard, Verifiable Credentials + attestations (e.g. Veramo/EAS) is the more flexible architecture.

If you want, I can also compare Galxe vs. Talent Protocol vs. EAS vs. Sismo vs. Veramo specifically on issuance workflow, revocation, wallet recovery, APIs, pricing, and dashboard quality.

4. Talent Protocol — best reference model for professional reputation

Talent Protocol is particularly relevant conceptually because its current Builder Score combines on-chain activity, GitHub data and EAS attestations, with the score being explainable and recomputable. It can also publish the score as an on-chain EAS attestation.

Its current model is therefore closer to verifiable reputation than simply handing someone an NFT.

What I'd evaluate before choosing

For your DAO, I'd prioritize these dashboard capabilities:

For a professional networking DAO aiming to issue non-transferable, verifiable reputation assets, you need tools that handle Soulbound Tokens (SBTs) , role-based permissions, or native merit-based reputation tracking.

The top platforms offering dashboards to manage these non-transferable assets include:

• 1. Hats Protocol : Specializes in programmable, non-transferable "Hats" (represented as tree-structured, role-based NFTs). Their dashboard lets you define organizational roles, set automated eligibility and revocation requirements, and tie specific on-chain authorities or reputation-gated permissions to a member's wallet.
• 1. Colony : Offers a robust framework built explicitly around non-transferable, merit-based reputation. Colony’s dashboard tracks domain-specific reputation that members earn through active participation. Crucially, their system features built-in reputation decay over time if a member stops contributing, which keeps governance and network influence active and accurate.
• 1. DAOhaus : Utilizes Moloch-style DAO architecture where non-transferable "shares" or "loot" act as native reputation and voting weight. It includes a clean management interface for issuing membership status, handling proposals, and managing internal DAO mechanics like "rage-quits" based on active participation.
• 1. SOURC3 : A Web3-native platform specifically tailored for decentralized, on-chain reputation management and contribution tracking, making it ideal for verifying professional achievements and milestones within a network.

If you'd like to narrow this down, tell me:

• Do you need these reputation assets to actively carry voting/governance weight , or are they purely for credentialing and profile display?
• Are you looking to deploy on Ethereum mainnet or an L2/alternative chain?

For a professional networking DAO, issuing non-transferable (Soulbound/Reputation) assets requires a dashboard that balances ease of member onboarding, robust permissioning, and verifiable data integrity.

The top platforms offering dashboards for managing non-transferable reputation and credentials depend on your exact architectural preference:

• Ethereum Attestation Service (EAS) : Best for native, schema-based on-chain/off-chain attestations. EAS allows you to register custom reputation schemas (e.g., "Verified Contributor," "Core Peer Review") and issue verifiable, non-transferable attestations directly tied to member wallets without deploying heavy custom smart contracts. It is decentralized, highly modular, and heavily supported across major L2 ecosystems.
• Guild.xyz : Best for gating and community management dashboards. While not an "issuer" of raw tokens in the traditional sense, Guild lets you manage dynamic membership roles based on multi-chain criteria, token holdings, or custom API logic, syncing those non-transferable tiers straight into Discord, Telegram, and web apps. It acts as an intuitive dashboard for managing who holds "status" in your network.
• POAP (Proof of Attendance Protocol) : Best for event-driven or milestone-based reputation. If your professional networking DAO hosts regular syncs, workshops, or working groups, POAPs function as immutable, non-transferable badges of participation. Their POAP Manager Dashboard makes it simple to mint drops, generate claim links, and track engagement history.
• Galxe Space Dashboard : Best for large-scale credentialing and campaign-driven reputation. Galxe allows organizations to build out a "Space" where you can issue custom on-chain and off-chain credentials, verify professional background tasks, and curate a verifiable roster of qualified members.

To help narrow down the best fit, could you tell me:

• Will these reputation tokens be tied to automated governance/voting power , or used purely for social status and access gating?
• Which blockchain network is your DAO deploying on?

For a professional-networking DAO, I’d separate “reputation credentialing” from ordinary NFT membership. The strongest dashboard options I found are:

1. Galxe — strongest turnkey dashboard

Galxe is probably the most dashboard-centric option for your use case. Its Space dashboard provides credential and participant analytics, while Galxe Score aggregates reputation-related signals. Its NFT-contract tooling explicitly allows projects to create soulbound/non-transferable tokens.

This is particularly attractive if your DAO wants admins to see things like who earned which credential, contribution history, reputation scores and cohort/leaderboard data without building that entire administrative layer.

2. EAS — strongest credential architecture

Ethereum Attestation Service takes a different approach: instead of representing reputation as an NFT, you issue structured attestations against an address. EAS supports custom schemas and on-chain or off-chain attestations, making it well suited to claims such as “completed DAO leadership program,” “verified professional,” “contributed 100 hours,” etc.

For a DAO where verifiability, composability and avoiding transferable reputation matter more than having a beautiful admin dashboard, EAS is arguably the cleaner underlying model.

3. Unlock Protocol — strongest membership-oriented option

Unlock Protocol provides a creator dashboard for issuing and managing NFT-based memberships. Its contracts can disable transfers, and the dashboard lets administrators manage members and membership contracts.

It's a better match if your “reputation token” also needs to function as a DAO membership credential/access pass. It's less purpose-built for nuanced reputation scoring than Galxe or an attestation system.

Bottom line

For your specific requirement—professional reputation + verifiable + non-transferable + good admin dashboard—the architectures shake out roughly as:

• Best turnkey dashboard: Galxe
• Best underlying reputation/credential primitive: EAS
• Best membership + non-transferable NFT: Unlock
• Best practical architecture: EAS for the actual reputation claims, with a custom/third-party dashboard on top; use Galxe if you want the community analytics and credential-management experience largely out of the box.

One important design point: I'd avoid putting a single mutable “reputation score token” on-chain. A set of signed, revocable credentials/attestations—e.g. mentor, verified employer, DAO contributor, event organizer—is generally much easier to audit and explain than one opaque score.

Galxe is probably the most dashboard-centric option for your use case. Its Space dashboard provides credential and participant analytics, while Galxe Score aggregates reputation-related signals. Its NFT-contract tooling explicitly allows projects to create soulbound/non-transferable tokens.

This is particularly attractive if your DAO wants admins to see things like who earned which credential, contribution history, reputation scores and cohort/leaderboard data without building that entire administrative layer.

2. EAS — strongest credential architecture

Ethereum Attestation Service takes a different approach: instead of representing reputation as an NFT, you issue structured attestations against an address. EAS supports custom schemas and on-chain or off-chain attestations, making it well suited to claims such as “completed DAO leadership program,” “verified professional,” “contributed 100 hours,” etc.

For a DAO where verifiability, composability and avoiding transferable reputation matter more than having a beautiful admin dashboard, EAS is arguably the cleaner underlying model.

3. Unlock Protocol — strongest membership-oriented option

Unlock Protocol provides a creator dashboard for issuing and managing NFT-based memberships. Its contracts can disable transfers, and the dashboard lets administrators manage members and membership contracts.